Breve reseña historica de la IA

July 14th, 2008 Categoria Ciencias Computacion, Inteligencia artificial

El desarrollo de la IA ha sido bien documentada a travez del tiempo. Con una excelente herramienta como es el Internet, resulta muy sencillo entender el desarrollo de la misma, gracias personajes muy como Turing.

Empero existen otros personajes importantes en el desarrollo de esta rama de la ciencia de la computación, que no son muy conocidos, más no por ello menos importantes de resaltar. Hea qui en breve resumen por períodos del desarrollo de la IA:

  • 1950-1965. Periodo “clásico…”

Resolvedor general de problemas (GPS) [Newell, Simon]. Resolución de problemas de sentido común, los cuales incluyen razonamiento de objetos físicos y sus relaciones, como también razonamiento de acciones y sus consecuencias. Solo se resolvieron tareas simples, pues no se pudo crear un programa con la cantidad suficiente de conocimiento de un dominio específico.

Principal énfasis en la implementación de juegos (ajedrez, damas, etc.) así como en la demostración de teoremas matemáticos.

  • 1965-1975. Periodo “romántico”

Representación “general” del conocimiento.

Redes semánticas [Quillian]

Prototipos (frames) [Minsky]

Perceptrón [Minsky y Papert]

Lógica [Kowalski]

Mundo de bloques [Winograd]

Percepción (visión y habla), compresión de lenguaje natural, robótica.

Dificultades de representación “general”, problemas de “juguete”.

  • 1975-actualidad. Periodo “moderno”, inteligencia “especifica” vs. “general”.

Se identifica la necesidad de trabajar en sociedad con profesionales de otras áreas de conocimiento

Representación explícita del conocimiento específico del dominio.

Sistema experto médico MYCIN (experto en enfermedades infecciosas de la sangre) iniciado en la Universidad de Stanford

Sistemas expertos o basados en conocimiento.

Regreso de redes neuronales [Hopfield, Rumelhart, Hinton], algoritmos genéticos [Holland, Goldberg]

Reconocimiento de voz , incertidumbre (Lógica difusa), planeación, aprendizaje

Aplicaciones “reales” (medicina, finanzas, ingeniería, exploración, etc.).

Comercialización de la IA, etapa de conocimiento general de la misma

Estos son breves rasgos de la historia actual de la IA. Para mayor informacion , aqui.

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